Diagnosing breast cancer follows a step-by-step process designed to identify cancer accurately and guide treatment.
Diagnostic Steps
- Clinical Breast Exam
A healthcare provider examines the breasts and underarms for lumps or other changes. - Mammography
A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast used to detect abnormalities, often before symptoms appear. - Additional Imaging
Ultrasound or breast MRI may be used to further evaluate suspicious findings, particularly in people with dense breast tissue or higher risk. - Biopsy
If imaging shows an abnormal area, a biopsy is performed to remove a small sample of tissue for examination. This is the only way to confirm a breast cancer diagnosis. - Pathology Review
Pathologists analyze the tissue to determine the cancer type, grade, and whether hormone receptors or HER2 are present. - Biomarker Testing
Tests such as Oncotype DX may be used after diagnosis to help guide treatment decisions. - Genetic Testing
Genetic testing (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2) may be recommended for individuals with strong family histories or other risk factors and can be done before or after a cancer diagnosis.
Staging
Additional tests determine the stage of cancer, including tumor size, lymph node involvement, and whether cancer has spread.
A multidisciplinary team at the GW Cancer Center reviews all findings to create a personalized treatment plan.
