Diagnosing gastric cancer typically involves several tests and procedures to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease.
- Medical History and Physical Exam: A healthcare provider will review symptoms, risk factors, and medical history and perform a physical examination.
- Upper Endoscopy (EGD): A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to examine the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine.
- Biopsy: During an endoscopy, tissue samples may be collected and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer.
- Laboratory Testing: Blood tests may evaluate overall health, identify anemia, and assess organ function.
- Imaging Studies: CT scans, PET scans, MRI scans, and other imaging tests help determine the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread.
- Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Ultrasound imaging performed during endoscopy can help determine how deeply the tumor has grown into the stomach wall and whether nearby lymph nodes are involved.
- Molecular and Biomarker Testing: Tumor samples may be tested for biomarkers such as HER2, PD-L1, microsatellite instability (MSI), and other molecular features that can help guide treatment decisions.
- Diagnostic Laparoscopy: In some cases, a minimally invasive surgical procedure may be performed to determine whether cancer has spread within the abdomen.
- Staging: Once gastric cancer is diagnosed, additional testing helps determine the stage of the disease, which is a critical factor in treatment planning.
An accurate diagnosis and comprehensive staging evaluation help ensure that patients receive the most appropriate and personalized treatment plan.
