What is Glioblastoma Multiforme?
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive (grade 4) and fast-growing brain tumor originating from star-shaped glial cells, called astrocytes, which support and protect neurons in the brain. It develops primarily in the brain’s cerebral hemispheres but can also develop in other parts of the brain, the brainstem, and the spinal cord.
GBM is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. More than 12,000 Americans are diagnosed with GBM each year. Glioblastoma accounts for approximately half of all malignant brain tumors. Though GBM is recurrent, there are various techniques to control the growth as well as provide symptomatic relief. The current average life span after diagnosis is 16 months. Approximately 7% of patients are alive after five years. However, these numbers vary significantly based on molecular subtypes.
Risk Factors
- Age: Glioblastoma is more common in older adults, with the majority of cases occurring in individuals between the ages of 45 and 70.
- Gender: Males are more likely to develop glioblastoma than females.
- Genetic Factors: Certain genetic conditions, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Turcot syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of glioblastoma.
- Family History: A family history of glioblastoma or other brain tumors may increase the risk, although this is relatively rare.
- Radiation: Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as previous radiation therapy to the head, is a known risk factor. This is particularly relevant for individuals who have received radiation treatment for other cancers.
- Immune System Disorders: Conditions that suppress the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, can increase the risk of various cancers, including glioblastoma.
It's important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not mean an individual will develop glioblastoma, and many people with glioblastoma have no known risk factors. The development of glioblastoma is likely due to a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.